However, use of this method to evaluate quantitative and qualitative changes in oral epithelial cells in diabetes is debatable. These limitations were overcome by the introduction of quantitative methods such as image analysis systems, especially in the assessment of cytomorphometric cellular alterations. The use of oral exfoliative cytology in the past was limited due to the subjective nature of its interpretations and high false-negative results. It can be done chair-side during routine dental examination. As a diagnostic tool, it has got an immense value in mass screening programs of high-risk adult population. Oral exfoliative cytology is a quick, simple, less technically demanding, painless, non-invasive laboratory procedure for microscopic investigation of different kinds of oral diseases. However, in diabetes, changes in blood glucose and the disease itself reduce the viability of such techniques. Incisional or excisional biopsy is the most reliable technique for definitive diagnosis. Several clinical and paraclinical techniques are available for oral mucosal changes. The oral complications of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are devastating, which may include, but are not necessarily limited to, gingivitis and periodontal disease xerostomia and salivary gland dysfunction increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral and fungal (oral candidiasis) infections caries periapical abscesses loss of teeth impaired ability to wear dental prostheses (related in part to salivary dysfunction) taste impairment lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome. Type II diabetes mellitus accounts for approximately 95% of diabetic cases and occurs usually in patients over 40 years of age. The new classification system identifies four types of diabetes mellitus: Type I, Type II, other specific types, and gestational diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) in the year 2009 has put the number of persons with diabetes at approximately 170 million, a figure expected to rise to 366 million by 2030. Diabetes has emerged as a major healthcare problem worldwide. Available from: ĭiabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs.
Cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliative buccal cells in type II diabetic patients.
Buccal smear chromatin negative nuclei how to#
How to cite this URL: Suvarna M, Anuradha C, Kumar K K, Sekhar P C, Lalith Prakash Chandra K, Ramana Reddy B V. How to cite this article: Suvarna M, Anuradha C, Kumar K K, Sekhar P C, Lalith Prakash Chandra K, Ramana Reddy B V. Keywords: Cytoplasmic area, diabetes mellitus, nuclear area The morphologic alteration seen in diabetic group was the presence of acute inflammation.Ĭonclusion: Exfoliative cytology is an additional tool to aid in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, apart from the regular standard tests. The average CA did not show any statistical difference between the two groups. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in average NA and significant decrease in the C/N ratio in diabetics when compared to non-diabetic healthy individuals. For comparing cytomorphometric parameters (NA, CA, C/N ratio), t-test was used. NA and CA of 20 integral cells in the smear were measured using Image Pro-Express Version 6.0 image analysis system by Media Cybernetics Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
Buccal smears were taken and subjected to Pap-stain. Materials and Methods: The study was done in 40 known type II diabetic patients and 40 healthy individuals. Aim: To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in cytological buccal smears of type II diabetic patients by using the parameters like nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio (C/N).